Plate Captions
Frontispiece - View of Reusch's Moraine at Bigganjargga, Varangerfjord. The striated pavement is developed on the upper surface of the Older Sandstone Series and is overlain by a basal tillite (Reusch's Moraine) in the Smalfjord Tillite Formation. While it is uncertain whether or not the tillite is a ground moraine, the striations are most likely subglacial in origin (see Chapter 4).
Plate 1 Typical, tight asymmetrical folds in member 2 of the Nyborg Formation, Vestertana Area looking north.
Plate 2 Unit B, Smalfjord Tillite, Kvalnes, Varangerfjord. Stratified sandstone and conglomerate lenses surrounded by massive tillite, interpreted as supraglacial-glacial deposits.
Plate 3 Units B-C, Smalfjord Tillite, Kvalnes, Varangerfjord. Below hammer head is unit B with sandstone wedge and pebbles with nearly vertical long axes (see fig. 20). Above hammer head is unit C stratified conglomerate and sandstone. Prominent pebble imbrication indicates current flowed from right to left (east to west).
Plate 4 Unit Dl Kvalnes, Varangerfjord. Soft sediment flowage in the lower part, followed by sandstone-siltstone alternations interpreted as turbidites. Note pebbly bases, siltstone clasts, grading, and loading.
Plate 5 Units D2 and D4, Smalfjord Tillite, Kvalnes, Varangerfjord. Unit D2, medium bedded parallel laminated sandstones are eroded into by unit D4, poorly sorted boulder conglomerate, which fines upward (see fig. 23).
Plate 6 Units D2 and D4, Smalfjord Tillite, Kvalnes, Varangerfjord. Unit D2 is highly deformed by faulting and folding. Erosively above is poorly sorted boulder and pebble conglomerate of unit D4. The palaeoslope was evidently to the right (west).
Plate 7 Reusch's Moraine, Smalfjord Tillite, Bigganjargga, Varangerfjord. Cross-bedded sandstones of the Older Sandstone Series are truncated by a planar erosion surface, which is overlain by Reusch's Moraine. Height of sandstone ledge is about 2 m, view towards northwest.
Plate 8 Smalfjord Tillite, Bigganjargga, Varangerfjord. Striated pavement separating the Older Sandstone Series from the overlying tillite of Reusch's Moraine. View towards the southeast.
Plate 9 Reusch's Moraine (unit A), Smalfjord Tillite, Bigganjargga, Varangerfjord. The upper surface of the tillite is irregular with pockets of conglomerate, and is overlapped by sandstones of unit B. View towards northeast.
Plate 10 Base of unit E, Smalfjord Tillite, Bigganjargga, Varangerfjord. Large-scale low-angle foresets interpreted as beach deposits. Foresets dip left (west).
Plate 11 unit A, Smalfjord Tillite, Skjaaholmen, Varangerfjord. The man is inspecting unit A sandstones containing large blocks of Older Sandstone Series. Behind him are interbedded sandstones and shales of the Older Sandstone Series. View towards northeast.
Plate 12 Units A, B, and C, Smalfjord Tillite, Skjaaholmen, Varangerfjord. The man is standing on soft-sediment deformed beds of unit A. Erosively above is crystalline-clast tillite of unit B. At the base, the tillite is rich in locally derived sedimentary clasts, while at the top the tillite is rich in clasts, and has a weathered appearance. Erosively above is the base of the large-scale foreset of unit c. View towards north, at eastern end of the island.
Plate 13 Units A and C, Smalfjord Tillite, Skjaaholmen, Varangerfjord. Unit A, siltstone and sandstone is overlain erosively by unit C, large-scale cross-bedded pebbly sandstone. The large boulder at the contact between the two units may be an erosive remnant of unit B tillite.
Plate 14 Smalfjord Tillite, lower part of outcrop II, Mortensnes, Varangerfjord. View, facing northeast,of blocks of deformed sandstone (lower right), crossbedded conglomeratic sandstone, and boulders interpreted as fluvioglacial deposits of the proglacial zone.
Plate 15 Smalfjord Tillite, Bergeby, Varangerfjord. Massive tillite grades up into laminated and bedded tillite, Clasts die out upwards into massive and parallel-laminated, medium to thick bedded sandstones.
Plate 16 Member B, Smalfjord Tillite, Tarmfjord, Tanafjord district. Purple siltstone of member A is sharply overlain by massive siltstone which gradually becomes infused with dolomite boulders and lenses and bands of dolomitic tillite upwards. (northeast). Bands dip to right.
Plate 17 Member A, Smalfjord Tillite, Tarmfjord, Tanafjord district. Siltstone, here lacks clasts and contains thin (2 mm) graded units (light colour) in a laminated background. Specimen (x 0.75) was collected from just below member B tillite. Note increase in dip and dying out of faults downwards. View is about 450 to the bedding, and faults dip to northeast.
Plate 18 Member B, Smalfjord Tillite, Tarmfjord, Tanafjord district. Purple siltstone and tillite with dolomite tillite bands, here isoclinally folded. Closure is to the northeast, direction of shear indeterminate.
Plate 19 Member B tillite, Smalfjord Tillite, Tarmfjord, Tanafjord district. Basal part of tillite showing large eye-shaped lenses and folds of intermixed purple and yellow tillite. Overriding shear was probably to the left (southwest).
Plate 20 Member B, Smalfjord Tillite, Tarmfjord, Tanafjord district. Basal part of tillite showing relatively pure dolomitic tillite with high clast concentration and well imbricated pebbles which dip to the right (northwest). Upthrust mass of laminated member A siltstone in the lower right. The laminae in the siltstone block are concordant to the contact with the tillite.
Plate 21 Member B, Smalfjord Tillite, Tarmfjord, Tanafjord district. Viewed from across Tarmfjord, and looking northwest, the large scale imbricate structure of the purple and yellow tillite in member B (between dashed lines) is clearly visible. The slabs dip gently to the right.
Plate 22 Member B, Smalfjord Tillite, Tarmfjord, Tanafjord district. Layered drab-purple and drab-yellow tillite above the zone of intense deformation. Viewed from a distance considerable lenticularity can be seen in the layers which are interpreted as shear bands.
Plate 23 Members Band C, Sma1fjord Tillite, Auskarnes, Tanafjord district. Member B makes up the lighter co1oured tillite in the lower 2/3rds of the picture. Structures are shown in detail in the following three plates. On top of member B is a boulder horizon, followed by the darker tillite of member C. View is towards the east.
Plate 24 Member B, Sma1fjord Tillite, Auskarnes, Tanafjord district. Units 1, 2 and 3 in member B. Below the man is horizontally stratified tillite (unit 1). At the same level as the man is scour-and-fill structures (unit 2), while above him is tillite with variations in texture (unit 3). View towards the east.
Plate 25 Member B, Smalfjord Tillite, Auskarnes, Tanafjord district. Steep (northward) margin of scour-and-fill structure in unit 2. Penecontemporaneous fault in upper right corner. View is towards east.
Plate 26 Member B, Smalfjord Tillite, Auskarnes, Tanafjord district. Units 3 and 4 at the top of member B showing bedding and layering in concave structure of unit 4. Below the man is unit 2 tillite. Truncating the beds in unit 4 is the boulder horizon at the base of member C, followed by tillite of member C.
Plate 27 Member C, Smalfjord Tillite, Auskarnes, Tanafjord district. Just above the base of member C tillite is a tabular block of member B tillite, which dips towards the north. View is towards the west.
Plate 28 Member C, Smalfjord Tillite, Auskarnes, Tanafjord district. Deformed sandy lamination in the lower part of member C tillite. As the lamination continues to the left, it seems to have been deformed by a stress moving from right to left (north to south).
Plate 29 Member C, Smalfjord Tillite, south of Auskarnes, Tanafjord district. High angle microfaults in pebbly sandstone unit. View is towards the east.
Plate 30 Member D, Smalfjord Tillite, Auskarnes, Tanafjord district. Tight, isoclinally folded banding in member D tillite. This structure was seen only at this coastal exposure.
Plate 31 Member D, Smalfjord Tillite, 132 (fig. 35), Tanafjord district. Folded material consists of siltstone derived from unit Cl, directly underlying member D tillite. Asymmetry of structure suggests shear from left to right (south to north).
Plate 32 Base of member D, Smalfjord Tillite, Auskarnes, Tanafjord district. Microfault structures at the top of incorporated blocks of underlying C2 siltstone. Faults dip to right (north). a) siltstone at the right has been overthrust forming a tight isoclinal fold, indicating shear from right to left. b) faults dip uniformly to the right, and the offset indicates that they are normal faults.
Plate 33 Member D, Smalfjord Tillite, Tarmfjord, Tanafjord district. Member B siltstone just beneath member D tillite is highly folded. Folds are overturned and indicate a shear from right to left (northeast to southwest).
Plate 34 Member D, Smalfjord Tillite, Tarmfjord, Tanafjord district. Faulted blocks of member B siltstone in the base of member D tillite. Faults dip to the northeast, and are interpreted as indicating an overriding shear from right to left (northeast to southwest).
Plate 35 Member D, Smalfjord Tillite, southwest of Vestertana, Tanafjord district. Finely to coarsely parallel-laminated siltstone with outsize clasts deforming the lamination, plomp-and-drape structure. View towards the west.
Plate 36 Member D, Smalfjord Tillite, southwest of Vestertana, Tanafjord district. Siltstone with graded sandstone bed passing from parallel-lamination at the base to ripple lamination at the top. Current flowed from right to left (north to south). Outsize clasts are present in the finely laminated siltstone.
Plate 37 Member D, Smalfjord Tillite, Auskarnes, Tanafjord district. Parallel-laminated tillite with outsize clast of massive tillite. View towards the northwest.
Plate 38 Smalfjord Tillite, Trollfjord, Tanafjord district. Banded tillite, the basal unit at Trollfjord. The bands are parallel and continuous, and are interpreted as glacial shear bands. View towards the north.
Plate 39 Enlarged view of tillites in members B to H, Smalfjord Tillite, Tanafjord district, all x 6. a) Member B tillite, many small clasts of dolomite, highly dolomitic groundmass. b) Member C tillite, dolomite clasts predominate, coarser matrix than member B, dolomitic groundmass. c) Member D tillite, very few clasts, fine grained matrix. d) Member E tillite, very sandy matrix, with dolomitic groundmass.
Plate 40 Siltstones from Smalfjord Tillite, with banded tillite for comparison. a) Varved and laminated siltstone, member A, Tarmfjord (x 6). Arrows indicate graded units. b) Enlarged views of upper graded unit in plate 40a (x 12). c) Banded purple tillite from member C, Snuollevandet (fig. 34) (x 4). d) Varved siltstone from area west of Njukcagaissa (479) (x 5).
Plate 41 Member 1, Nyborg Formation, Ellakloften, Tanafjord district. Dolomite facies Al showing convex upwards profile of the lamination. Whether or not this is organic in origin is uncertain.
Plate 42 Member 1, Ellakloften, dolomite facies A2 in the lower half, with increasing siltstone content upwards, passing into facies B, parallel-laminated siltstone and dolomite.
Plate 43 Member 1, Nyborg Formation, Mortensnes, Varangerfjord. Lenticular dolomite conglomerate beds, facies D, interbedded with purple siltstone with thin dolomitic laminae, a dolomitic variant of facies C siltstone.
Plate 44 Member 1, Nyborg Formation, Bergeby, Varangerfjord. Dolomite conglomerate bed of facies D passing up into parallel-laminated fine sandstone. Pebble imbrication indicates current flowed to the right (to the north). Disrupted fabric at the top of the bed.
Plate 45 Member 1, Nyborg Formation, Bergeby. Massive, poorly sorted sandy siltstone bed with torn-up fragments of siltstone and dolomite. About 3 m from the base of member 1.
Plate 46 Member 1, Bergeby. Soft-sediment faulting in parallel-laminated facies B siltstone and dolomite. Normal faults dip to the right (to the north) suggesting a palaeoslope to the north. About 5 m from the base of member 1.
Plate 47 Member 2, Nyborg Formation, Ellakloften (see fig. 42), Tanafjord. Thin bedded red-brown sandstones intercalated with purple shale passing up rapidly into medium bedded sandstones with a smaller proportion of shale, a "bundle" of turbidites. At least 50 m from the base of member 2.
Plate 48 Member 2, Nyborg Formation, Alteberget (fig. 2) Vestertana, Tanafjord. Thin, very fine lenticular turbidites some with a fluted base, consisting largely of rippled sandstone. These are intercalated with parallel-laminated mudstone with thin lenticular horizons of small ripples formed by wave oscillation. Very top of member 2.
Plate 49 Member 2, Nyborg Formation, west of Nesseby, Varangerfjord. Massive sandstones with fine conglomerate at the base filling gentle and deep scours. Conglomerate consists of granules of quartz and feldspar, and of angular fragments of member 1 dolomite, facies A2. Interpreted as possible fan-channel deposits. Near the base of member 2, view is towards the north.
Plate 50 Member 2, Nyborg Formation, Hammernes, Varangerfjord. Very well developed turbidite probably about 50 m from the base of member 2. On very sharp base rests parallel-laminated fine-medium sandstone. This grades up into in interval with peculiar round-crested ripples. Above is parallel-laminated very fine sandstone which is overlain with slight erosion by typical ripple-drift cross lamination. The latter indicates a current direction to the left (northwest).
Plate 51 Member 2, Nyborg Formation, Hammernes, Varangerfjord. Turbidite about 50 m from the base of member 2. On sharp base is parallel-laminated fine to medium sandstone overlain erosively by ripple-drift cross-laminated very fine sandstone. Current direction was to the left (northwest).
Plate 52 Member 2, Nyborg Formation, Hammernes, Varangerfjord. Top of member 2, where overlain unconformably by the Mortensnes Tillite, about 75 m from the base of member 2. Medium bedded turbidites intercalated with mudstone (on the right) are steeply eroded into by medium to thick bedded sandstones with very little mudstone (on the left). These are interpreted as fan-channel deposits. Exposure is aligned W-E.
Plate 53 Member 2, Nyborg Formation, Tana Bru, west of Varangerfjord. Highly lenticular, amalgamated, medium to thick, graded sandstones with very few thin mudstone intercalations. These are very proximal turbidites.
Plate 54 Member 2, Nyborg Formation, Tana Bru. Crossbedding at the base of one sandstone bed, slightly deformed at the top. At the top right is the erosive base of a succeeding graded unit. Current flow was from right to left (to the north).
Plate 55 Regressive sequence, upper part of member 3, Nyborg Formation, Stappogiedde North, Digermul Peninsula. Sandstone near base is number 132, 52 m below member 4, situated in the basal lower slope environment, just above wave base. Background is largely parallel-laminated mudstone, facies 1, with rippled siltstone, facies 2, to the left of 20 cm on the tape. Current directions were to the right (east of north).
Plate 56 Upper part of member 3, Stappogiedde North. Background lower part of unit C with thin laminae of facies 3 in facies 1 parallel-laminated mudstone, with occasionally thin rippled horizons of facies 2. About 25-30 m below member 4, top of upper slope environment. Note difference in ripple size between background and beds.
Plate 57 Upper part of member 3, Stappogiedde North. Background, upper part of unit C, is largely facies 3 parallel-laminated sandy siltstone with frequent silty drapes and horizons of small ripples, facies 2. About 18 m below member 4, lower part of shelf environment. Cross-lamination dips mainly to the right (north).
Plate 58 Upper part of member 3, Stappogiedde North. Background, unit D, is largely facies 3 with parallel-laminated sandy siltstone, thin continuous silty drapes, and occasional horizons of facies 2 ripple cross-lamination. Note laminae of facies 3 are thicker than in plate 57. About 10 m below member 4, shelf environment.
Plate 59 Top of member 3, Stappogiedde North. The variety of ripple marks in unit D, shelf environment. a: lunate ripples, formed entirely by currents. b: sinuous-crested asymmetrical ripples, locally washed out, possibly in very shallow water. Either entirely current ripples, or combined flow ripples. c: symmetrical straight-crested oscillation ripples, formed by wave agitation. d: interference oscillation ripples.
Plate 60 Upper part of member 3, Stappogiedde North. Lower bed is 392, 11 m below member 4, shelf environment. Background is highly rippled, and there is pronounced erosion and reworking of the bed in the centre of the plate.
Plate 61 Upper part of member 3, Stappogiedde North. Beds 199-205, mostly massive at base (facies a), passing up into parallel-lamination (facies b) or ripple lamination (facies c). About 42 m below member 4, boundary between lower and upper slope environments.
Plate 62 Top of member 3, Stappogiedde North. Hammer rests on bed 72, about 64 m below member 4. Most beds are internally ripple cross-laminated (facies c). Cross-lamination dips to right, indicating current flowed to the northeast. Basin environment.
Plate 63 Upper part of member 3, Stappogiedde North. Beds include pinch-and-swell, facies cripple cross-laminated sandstones, and parallel-laminated facies b sandstones. About 25 m below member 4, boundary between shelf and upper slope environments. Ripple cross-lamination dips uniformly to the right (northeast). Background is unit C.
Plate 64 Upper part of member 3, opposite Guoholmen. Unusual bed, passing from massive very fine sandstone up into cross-laminated sandstone dipping to the left (southwest), opposite to all other current directions in the top of member 3. It appears that the laminae were deposited on the stoss sides of the ripples. Other beds below are a -> e sandstones. Probably about 100 m below member 4.
Plate 65 Upper part of member 3, opposite Guoholmen. Series of a -> e sandstones in the upper part of the plate. Below are facies c, ripple cross-laminated sandstones. Background is facies 1, parallel-laminated siltstone. Probably about 100 m below member 4.
Plate 66 Upper part of member 3, Stappogiedde North. Two unusual beds about 10 m from member 4. Below is bed deformed into convolutions, and above is fine-grained massive graded sandstone about 15 cm thick.
Plate 67 Upper part of member 3, Stappogiedde North. Deep scour cut into thick parallel-laminated bed, facies b, filled with parallel-laminated very fine sandstone and siltstone, facies 39 background. About 12 m below member 4.
Plate 68 Member 4, Nyborg Formation, Stappogiedde North. Unit C comprised of: herringbone cross-bedded purple sandstone, facies A, overlain by parallel-laminated purple sandstone, facies B. Facies A appears to grade into facies B. Erosively above is flaser bedded very fine sandstone, facies D. View is towards the northwest, the currents which deposited facies A flowed NE and SW.
Plate 69 Member 4, Nyborg Formation, Stappogiedde North. View of unit C taken a few metres northeast of plate 68, showing ball-and-pillow deformation in facies A, which is truncated by facies B.
Plate 70 Member 4, Nyborg Formation, Stappogiedde North. Basal part of unit K showing a rounded dune with cross-bedding dipping to the NE, and covered by a sandstone drape. Some surfaces within the dune may have formed by reactivation.
Plate 71 Member 4, Nyborg Formation, Stappogiedde North. Upper part of unit F, and base of unit G. Parallel-laminated purple sandstone, facies B, develops small scours. This passes upwards through a deformed contact into facies G, massive poorly-sorted brown sandstone with blocks of highly deformed facies B sandstone. Facies G, at the top of unit F, is overlain erosively by cross-bedded sandstones, facies A, of unit G.
Plate 72 Member 4, Nyborg Formation, Stappogiedde North. Unit P, very fine grey parallel-laminated sandstone facies C, surrounded by flaser bedded very fine sandstone, facies D. Note sinuous form of some continuous flasers, and frequent bifurcations.
Plate 73 Member 4, Nyborg Formation, Stappogiedde North. Unit P, parallel-laminated purple sandstone, facies B is overlain by a series of graded beds, facies E, these grade from medium and coarse sand up into massive mudstone, which is well cleaved. Sandstone base of graded beds is erosive, and lenticular. View towards N.
Plate 74 Member 4, Nyborg Formation, 1 km north of Stappogiedde North. Unit T, groove marks at the base of a silty mudstone bed, facies F.
Plate 75 Member 3, Nyborg Formation, between Larsholmen and Innerelv. Slumped, erosively based sandstone bed, similar to facies G in member 4, which is overlain by a massive, poorly-sorted sandstone bed, similar to facies H.
Plate 76 Deformation structures facies G, members 3 and 4, Nyborg Formation. a: Ball-and-pillow structure in unit A, 1 km north of Stappogiedde North. b: Slump structure developed in parallel-laminated purple sandstone about 3 m below member 4. The bed has an erosive base, and is overlain erosively by a massive sandstone bed, facies H. View towards N. c: Slump structure in parallel-laminated purple sandstone near the base of member 4 just south of Innerelv. Deformed sandstone is surrounded by homogenized, massive sandstone. d: Slump structure, unit J, Stappogiedde North, folded beds of parallel-laminated purple sandstone are truncated by a massive bed of facies H sandstone.
Plate 77 Mortensnes Tillite resting on member 3 of the Nyborg Formation, about 10 km SW of the head of Vestertanafjord. The unconformity can be seen to cut down to the left (south) through the beds in member 3. Directly above the Nyborg Formation is about 4-5 m of the lower member of the Mortensnes Tillite, which is followed by about 2 m of the thin middle member (light-coloured), overlain by the upper member.
Plate 78 Lower Member, Mortensnes Tillite, about 10 km SW of the head of Vestertanafjord, Tanafjord area. The highest sandstone bed in member 3 of the Nyborg Formation is laterally continuous across the outcrop.
Plate 79 Base of lower member, Mortensnes Tillite, Sjursjok, Vestertanafjord. The hammer handle rests on the unconformity with member 3 of the Nyborg Formation, along which numerous plants have sprouted. The lower 40 cm of the tillite consists largely of brecciated member 3 material, with a few exotic clasts, including the tabular dolomite clast in the lower right hand corner of the plate, which dips to the right (east), along with adjacent Nyborg clasts. The imbrication suggests a shear directed to the west. The difference in weathering character upwards reflects the rapid change to normal lower member tillite with dispersed dolomite and crystalline clasts.
Plate 80 Contact between interbedded sandstone and shale of member 3 of the Nyborg Formation and lower member of the Mortensnes Tillite, near Spot Height 405, west of Vestertanafjord (fig. 2). The Nyborg Formation has been slightly deformed at the contact, but below it has been almost completely homogenized.
Plate 81 Polished surface of the under surface of the lower member, Mortensnes Tillite, from near Spot Height 420, SW of Vestertanafjord. The tillite consists almost entirely of member 3 material. Clasts appear nearly equidimensional in shape in this section.
Plate 82 Side view of the specimen shown in Plate 81. Clasts show marked imbrication. Right is to the east, the apparent direction of the stress. The clasts have an average maximum diameter of about 5 mm.
Plate 83 Lower member, Mortensnes Tillite, resting on member 3 of the Nyborg Formation, about 300 m north of Sjursjok, Vestertanafjord (fig. 2). The hammer rests on a breccia just over 1 m thick. Above is allochthonous, relatively undisturbed member 3 sediment in a 20 x 1 m block, which is overlain by normal lower member tillite.
Plate 84 Tightly folded member 3 sandstone beds in the lower part of the lower member, Mortensnes Tillite. About 300 m north of Sjursjok, Vestertanafjord (fig. 2).
Plate 85 Lower Member, Mortensnes Tillite, from west of Njukcagaissa. Polished specimen of banded tillite. Light-coloured layers are finely ground Nyborg sediment. These alternate with darker, coarse grained layers with mostly crystalline clasts and sand grains. The structure is interpreted as glacial shear banding, formed by the intermixing of two debris populations.
Plate 86 Lower member, Mortensnes Tillite, about 10 km SW of the head of Vestertanafjord. The upper surface of a tabular body of extrabasinal, mainly crystalline clast tillite.
Plate 87 Lower member, Mortensnes Tillite, near Spot Height "405, west of Vestertanafjord (fig. 2). The upper part of the lower member here shows parallel lamination and cross-stratification. Current was to the left, south.
Plate 88 Lower member, Mortensnes Tillite, along road north of Spot Height 192, SW of Vestertanafjord (fig. 2). a) (left) View of unit composed of graded laminae, resting on what appears to be a lag conglomerate. b) (right) Magnified view (x 3)of the graded laminae showing the poor sorting, grading, and absence of fine lamination and mud layers. (Compare with Plate 40).
Plate 89 Lower member, Mortensnes Tillite, near Spot Height 405, west of Vestertanafjord (fig. 2). Thick beds of massive, poorly sorted gravels resting sharply on member 3 of the Nyborg Formation. Erosion into the Nyborg Formation was not observed.
Plate 90 View of boulder conglomerate just to the north of the gravel channel shown in plate 89.
Plate 91 Mortensnes Tillite, west of Njukcagaissa. The gradational contact between the lower member and the thin middle member is shown by the gradual appearance of lamination, and the increase in dolomite and sand content.
Plate 92 Lower member, Mortensnes Tillite, Hamarnes, Varangerfjord. Purple lower member rests on angular sandstone blocks derived from member 2 of the Nyborg Formation.
Plate 93 Lower member, Mortensnes Tillite, Hamarnes, Varangerfjord. Large, red gneiss boulder near the base of the lower member.
Plate 94 Lower member, Mortensnes Tillite, Hamarnes, Varangerfjord. Very well rounded clast, and other less well rounded clasts about 4 m from the base of the lower member.
Plate 95 Lower member, Mortensnes Tillite, Hamarnes, Varangerfjord Beds of member 2 Nyborg Formation, largely brecciated, in the lower part of the lower member. Light colour is green, the rest, purple.
Plate 96 Detail of plate 95, showing highly brecciated Nyborg member 2 sediment, here at the crest of an overturned fold. Stress was towards the west (left).
Plate 97 Lower member, Mortensnes Tillite, Hamarnes, Varangerfjord. Beds of Nyborg member 2 sandstone, partially brecciated, wrapped around the top of the large crystalline boulder in the centre of the plate. Stress was towards the west (left).
Plate 98 Striated and facetted clasts of altered diorite collected from the lower member of the Mortensnes Tillite at Hamarnes, Varangerfjord, where the earliest specimens were obtained by Reusch. (Both photographs about x 0.65). a) Cross sectional view of the clasts seen parallel to the b (intermediate) axis. Note strongly asymmetrical profile of the left-hand specimen. b) View along c (short) axis showing striated surfaces of the clasts. Surfaces on the left-hand specimen are also polished. Note presence of groups of parallel-striae, and the divergence of the striae. Orientation of striations is related to the shape of the clast, particularly in the ab plane.
Plate 99 Lower member, Mortensnes Tillite, in road exposure near Hamarnes, Varangerfjord. Laminated sandstone with pebble lag at the base completely surrounded by massive purple tillite, and interfingering with the tillite at the top.
Plate 100 Lower member, Mortensnes Tillite, Austerelva, south of Laksefjord. Near the base of the lower member is a layer of angular and sub-angular crystalline clasts.
Plate 101 Mortensnes Tillite, about 10 km SW of the head of Vestertanafjord. Contact between the lower and thin middle members showing the rapid appearance of parallel-lamination, which has been folded just above the contact.
Plate 102 Thin middle member, about 10 km SW of the head of Vestertanafjord. Below is normal sandy, dolomitic tillite overlain by highly dolomitic tillite with less sand in the matrix. The contact shows soft-sediment deformation.
Plate 103 Thin middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, about 10 km SW of the head of Vestertanafjord. A dark grey crystalline clast tillite which has been sheared with adjacent normal middle member tillite.
Plate 104 Thin middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, west of Njukcagaissa. Characteristic stratification in the thin middle member. Thickness of the stratification varies considerably, but it is laterally continuous.
Plate 105 Thin middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, near Spot Height 405, west of Vestertanafjord (fig. 2). Cross stratification in the lower part of the plate attests to current origin of this part of the member. Above is a large massive block of tillite, similar in composition and colour to the stratified tillite. View is towards the west, currents flowed from right to left (to the south, determined partially from neighbouring exposures). Subsequent observation: THESE ARE ICEBERG DUMP STRUCTURES! - see Thomas, Journal of Sedimentary Research; March 1985; v. 55; no. 2; p. 243-249
Plate 106 Thin middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, about 10 km SW of the head of Vestertanafjord. Stratification in the middle member is truncated by massive tillite, of similar composition and colour, also in the middle member. Outcrop foreground to the north, distance to the south.
Plate 107 Thin middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, near Spot Height 420, SW of Vestertanafjord. Large white granite clast apparently dropped into parallel-stratified thin middle member tillite. Stratification shows relatively little deformation.
Plate 108 Thin middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, about 10 km SW of the head of Vestertanafjord. Black chert clast dropped into finely parallel-laminated tillite, with depression of underlying lamination, and rising of overlying lamination ('plomp-and-drape').
Plate 109 Thin middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, west of Njukcagaissa. Large block of massive, dark sandy dolomitic tillite apparently dropped onto stratified tillite. The stratified tillite appears massive near the block of darker tillite.
Plate 110 Thin middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, west of Njukcagaissa. Large refolded fold composed of parallel-stratified tillite. Direction of stress is uncertain.
Plate 111 Thin middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, near Spot Height 405, west of Vestertanafjord. Tightly folded stratified tillite, overlain by cross-stratified tillite indicating current flow to the left (south). Direction of stress appears to have been to the right.
Plate 112 Thin middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, about 10 km SW of the head of Vestertanafjord. Plainly marked bed of tillite containing folded slabs of laminated tillite. The bed appears to have slumped into place. Direction of movement could not be determined.
Plate 113 Thin middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, near Spot Height 405, west of Vestertanafjord. Steep faults cutting across the stratification in the tillite.
Plate 114 Thin middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, near Spot Height 405, west of Vestertanafjord. Stratification in the tillite truncated and overlain by deformed tillite. The curved plane, dipping southwards (to the left) is suggestive of a slip plane above which slumping to the left occurred.
Plate 115 Thin middle member, Mortensnes Tillite. Striated diorite clast collected about 10 km SW of the head of Vestertanafjord.
Plate 116 Thin middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, about 10 km SW of the head of Vestertanafjord. Transition of thickly stratified, sandy tillite up into finely parallel-laminated mudstone with numerous outsize clasts, characteristic of the upper part of the thin middle member.
Plate 117 Thin middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, near Spot Height 405, west of Vestertanafjord. The fine parallel-lamination in the mudstone in the upper part of the thin middle member is deformed into plomp-and-drape structure by a dropped in clast.
Plate 118 Thin middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, about 10 km SW of the head of Vestertanafjord. Highly sheared, parallel-laminated mudstone from the upper part of the thin middle member {x3/4}.
Plate 119 Mortensnes Tillite, west of Njukcagaissa. Sandy dolomitic tillite of the thin middle member, well stratified at this locality, is deformed along the contact with the overlying upper member.
Plate 120 Thin middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, just north of Sjursjok, Vestertanafjord. Dolomitic tillite of the thin middle member is mixed and sheared with darker tillite of the lower and upper members. Note eye-shaped piece of sandstone within a dark band near the bottom of the specimen. It contains deformed lamination.
Plate 121 Thin middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, Maskevarre. This lithology contains thin graded laminae with outsize clasts, and it occurs in the upper part of the middle member. The graded units closely resemble a varve structure.
Plate 122 Thick middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, west of Alteberget. Light and dark coloured tillite, both of similar composition forming a pattern similar to ghost structure (see Chapter 3).
Plate 123 Thick middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, west of Alteberget Large block of dolomite, (2 m visible here) orientated at about 300 to the regional bedding in the tillite. The dolomite was probably derived from the Porsanger Dolomite Formation.
Plate 124 Thick middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, about 1 km west of Sjursjok. Dolomite breccia body is a diagnostic feature of the thick middle member. This one consists almost entirely of angular fragments of dolomite.
Plate 125 Thick middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, south of Alteberget Regional dip of the tillite is about 300 to the left (east), channel structures in sandstone within the tillite. Whether or not the sandstone has been deformed tectonically is uncertain. Channel axes trend NS.
Plate 126 Thick middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, south of Alteberget Series of four well-bedded sandstones each surrounded entirely by massive tillite. Three of the lenses are visible here. They are all along the same level, and may part of an anastomozing subglacial channel. Outcrop is aligned NS, view is towards the east.
Plate 127 Detail of plate 126, showing the horizontal stratification of the sandstone in one of the lenses.
Plate 128 Thick middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, east of Lake 142, west of Vestertanafjord. Soft-sediment deformation of a sandstone body, most apparent along the margins of the body.
Plate 129 Thick middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, west of Alteberget. Lamination in the block of sandstone is highly deformed, and is truncated along the contact with the tillite.
Plate 130 Thick middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, east of Lake 142, west of Vestertanafjord. Chaotic folding in laminated tillite.
Plate 131 Thick middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, south of Alteberget. Deformed laminated tillite.
Plate 132 Thick middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, south of Alteberget. Large block of stratified tillite extends from beneath the hammer in the right-hand side of the picture to the left margin of the plate.
Plate 133 Detail of plate 132, showing folded lamination at the southern end of the body, and the development of axial plane cleavage.
Plate 134 Thick middle member, unit I, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-14. The tillite rests on undeformed purple sandstone of member 4 of the Nyborg Formation, and contains angular fragments of the purple sandstone.
Plate 135 Thick middle member, unit 1, Digermul Peninsula, locality L-12. Brecciated sandstone derived from the Nyborg Formation, member 4, near the base of the tillite.
Plate 136 Thick middle member, unit 1, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-19. Tightly folded lamination at the base of unit 1, stress was from right to left (to the south). Below are beds of member 4 of the Nyborg Formation.
Plate 137 Thick middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, unit 1, Digermul Peninsula, Locality ~19. Small thrust fault along the unconformity between the tillite and member 4 of the Nyborg Formation. Stress was to the left (south).
Plate 138 Thick middle member, unit 1, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-19. Specimen collected from the base of the tillite oriented with south to the left. Banding is parallel to associated imbricate pebbles indicating stress from right to left.
Plate 139 Thick middle member, unit 1, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-22. Unit 1 here contains many scattered blocks of Nyborg sediment. Behind the tape is a block of purple sandstone dipping down to the right (north), left of the tape is an overfold in a piece of Nyborg sandstone, and above are numerous imbricated pebbles, mostly of Nyborg sandstone. Stress was from right to left, approximately towards 1300•
Plate 140 Thick middle member, unit 1, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-2. Below the middle of the Plate is a band of dark sandstone cut by northward dipping, high-angle faults. Above, is a block of folded, laminated sandstone which merges into the surrounding dark tillite. Stress is believed to have been from right to left (to the south).
Plate 141 Thick middle member, unit 1, Digermul Peninsula, Locality 5-17. Loaded bedding along the contact between the Nyborg Formation, member 4, and the tillite. As this is a typical structure in the lower part of member 4, the structure is considered to have been formed as part of the Nyborg Formation.
Plate 142 Thick middle member, unit 2, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-10. The sequence through a unit 2 block; the hammer rests on allochthonous member 4 Nyborg Formation, above is brown sandy tillite, followed by white sandstone.
Plate 143 Thick middle member, unit 2, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-10 Nyborg sediment on the right, forming the lower part of a unit 2 block, terminates abruptly against tillite, similar to unit 1, on the left. North is towards the right.
Plate 144 Detail of Plate 142 showing the breccia developed between the allochthonous Nyborg and the sandy brown tillite. Note the absence of Nyborg sediment in the tillite immediately overlying the breccia.
Plate 145 Thick middle member, unit 2, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-9. Sandy brown tillite rests sharply on undeformed allochthonous Nyborg sediment.
Plate 146 Thick middle member, unit 2, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-3. White sandstone channel filled with gently curved, concave upwards lamination. This has apparently eroded into the underlying sandy brown tillite, also of unit 2.
Plate 147 Thick middle member, unit 2, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-l. View of prominent sandstone channel filled with horizontal, parallel bedding and lamination. Note terraced left-hand (southwestern) margin. The tillite below, and the Nyborg below (well-bedded) are all part of a large unit 2 block (see fig. 72).
Plate 148 Thick middle member, unit ?2, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-2. Lithologies developing south from a unit 2 block. At the level of the hammer head is a lag conglomerate overlain by about 15. cm of laminated sandstone. This is followed by a sandy tillite with vague, deformed lamination in localised areas, which appears to have slumped into place.
Plate 149 Thick middle member, unit ?2, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-2. Just to the southwest of exposure in Plate 148 is thickly parallel-laminated sandstone with a few outsized clasts and possible deformation.
Plate 150 Thick middle member, unit 3, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-16. Northeastern margin of channel cut into unit 1 Nyborg-rich tillite. The lamination drapes onto the channel margin, and level with the hammer handle is a gravel bed.
Plate 151 Detail of laminated sandstone fill in unit 3 channel, Plate 150. Note grading, and inverse grading at the base of one coarse unit. Finer sandstone is parallel-laminated. Inverse grading indicates that deposition was from a current, not by fallout in standing water.
Plate 152 Detail of extreme left of Plate 150. The channel fill has a coarser texture here, and a large outsize clast has deformed the lamination (by compaction?) in the upper right.
Plate 153 Thick middle member, unit 3, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-16. Set of inclined normal faults within the sandstone at the top of unit 3. The faults all dip to the right (north) and die out above and below.
Plate 154 Faulted top of the sandstone at the top of unit 3, next to the exposure in Plate 153. Tillite above is the base of unit 4, sandy brown tillite with ghost structure. Several sets of faults have developed, most of which dip to the north. The faults are normal in displacement, but at the right side of the Plate, thrust faults are developed at the top of the zone, indicating a shear to the left (south). View is towards the northwest.
Plate 155 Thick middle member, unit ?3, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-l. Scour-and-fill structures above massive tillite, which overlies white sandstone of unit 2 (below seaweed). Fill is mainly laminated sandstone, which is partly deformed. View to northwest.
Plate 156 Thick middle member, unit 4, Digermul Peninsula, between Stappogiedde and Stappogiedde North. Light clasts of tillite surrounded by darker tillite. Clasts are rounded and angular. This is typical ghost structure. Holes have been left in the tillite where dolomite clasts have weathered out.
Plate 157 Thick middle member, unit 4, Digermul Peninsula, between Stappogiedde and Stappogiedde North. Lenticular bed of laminated sandstone with scattered clasts. Contacts with surrounding tillite are gradational, and the adjacent tillite contains wisps and lenses of stratified, sandy tillite. Left is to southwest.
Plate 158 Thick middle member, unit 4, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-16. Channel filled with moderately sorted sandstone and massive tillite. No conglomerate lag was observed at the base of the channel. Left is to southwest, several metres above the base of unit 4.
Plate 159 Thick middle member, unit 4, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-18. Tear-shaped body filled with parallel-laminated sandstone. Left is to southwest.
Plate 160 Thick middle member, unit 4, Digermul Peninsula, between Stappogiedde and Stappogiedde North. Laminated pebbly sandstone aligned nearly perpendicular to the bedding, with a dolomite breccia body to one side. Left is to northwest.
Plate 161 Thick middle member, unit 4, Digermul Peninsula near Locality. S-22. Large (about 3 m high) massive sandstone body which appears to have formed in place.
Plate 162 Thick middle member, unit 4, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-14. Sand laminae in the tillite have been over folded to the south (left). Overturned limbs are thickened, while the opposite limbs are attenuated.
Plate 163 Thick middle member, unit 4, Digermul Peninsula, between Stappogiedde and Stappogiedde North. Ghost clasts (light colour) have been cut by southwest (left) dipping faults. Sense of movement uncertain.
Plate 164 Thick middle member, unit 4, Digermul Peninsula, between Stappogiedde and Stappogiedde North. Sandstone laminae have been stretched to form boudinage-like structure. Left is to southwest.
Plate 165 Thick middle member, unit 4, Digermul Peninsula, just north of Stappogiedde North. Deformed blocks of laminated sandstone apparently derived from unit 2 white sandstone. Left is to west.
Plate 166 Thick middle member, unit 4, Digermul Peninsula, Locality S-7. Overfolded core of dolomite and chert breccia. Stress was apparently directed to the right (to the east).
Plate 167 Adjacent part of dolomite and chert breccia shown in previous Plate. The dolomite and chert, and darker tillite material have been tightly folded together.
Plate 168 Thick middle member, unit 4, Digermul Peninsula, near Locality L-13. A white sandstone body, apparently derived from unit 2 is floating in unit 4 tillite. The sandstone breaks into columns. This is apparent to the left of the hammer handle, and to the right of the hammer. The structure is similar to mullion structure in deformed rocks.
Plate 169 Detail of Plate 168, upper left corner. Striated surfaces of rod structures.
Plate 170 Thick middle member, unit 4, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-24. Hammer rests on contact between units 1 and 4. A large block of Nyborg sandstone is deformed into an "s" fold, the orientation of which suggests a stress to the left (southwest).
Plate 171 Thick middle member, unit 4, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-24. Faulted and folded laminated sandstone block surrounded by massive unit 1 tillite (composed largely of member 4 purple Nyborg sandstone), overlain by sandy dolomitic unit 4 tillite. Direction of stress is uncertain.
Plate 172 Thick middle member, unit 5, Digermul Peninsula, Locality 8-22, unit 5, about 5 m thick extends from the top of massive unit 4, on the right, to the base of the massive upper member, on the left. Note bedding, and internal layering of beds in unit 5.
Plate 173 Thick middle member, unit 5, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-22. Upper surface of unit 4 tillite, showing striations and grooves. Right is to northeast.
Plate 174 Thick middle member, unit 5, Digermul Peninsula, Locality L-22. Folded fine parallel layering in a bed of unit 5. Some white areas, sandstone, resemble primary sedimentary lenses. Right is to northeast.
Plate 175 Thick middle member, unit 5, Digermul Peninsula, Locality 8-3. Folded layering in a unit 5 tillite bed. Right is to northeast.
Plate 176 Thick middle member, unit 5, Digermul Peninsula, Locality 8-3. Bed of massive unit 5 tillite with blocks of laminated tillite, some deformed, floating about. Right is to northeast.
Plate 177 Thick middle member, unit 5, Digermul Peninsula, Locality 8-4. Gravel and sandstone bed with sandstone wedges and dykes extending downwards. Note the sandstone block to the left of the hammer. Foreground of outcrop is towards the southwest.
Plate 178 Detail of Plate 177. Gravelly sandstone with wedge and dyke extending downwards to a gravel layer parallel to the thick gravel and sandstone bed.
Plate 179 Detail of Plate 177. Thin sandstone dyke extending down from gravel layer.
Plate 180 Thick middle member, Trollfjord. Deformed layering in the upper part of the tillite.
Plate 181 Thick middle member, Trollfjord. Between the tillite and the overlying conglomerate bed is parallel-laminated siltstone with symmetrical sandstone lenses, and outsize clasts. The ripples reflect wave agitation.
Plate 182 Contact between the thick middle member and the lower submember of the Lillevatn Member, Trollfjord. At the top of the middle member is a large block of dolomite rich tillite with relatively little sand, overlain by the conglomerate bed. This is overlain sharply by the shales of the lower submember.
Plate 183 Middle member, Mortensnes Tillite, Austerelva, south of Laksefjord. Gradual appearance of lamination at the contact between the massive lower member and the middle member. Laminae vary in colour, related to the proportion of dolomite in the matrix, and also vary in grain size. Folding is tectonic.
Plate 184 Upper member, Mortensnes Tillite, road cut, west of Vestertanafjord. Specimen immersed in water shows prominent banding and folding. Light bands are fine grained, dark are coarser, with a few clasts.
Plate 185 Contact between upper member, Mortensnes Tillite, and thick lower submember, Lillevatn Member. Massive tillite grades quickly into parallel-laminated siltstone free of clasts. Contact is undulatory, not apparently tectonic in origin. Left is to east. Road cut west of Vestertanafjord.
Plate 186 Detail of Plate 185. Alternation of parallel-laminated siltstone and massive tillite at the contact.
Plate 187 Upper member tillite, Mortensnes Tillite, Digermul Peninsula, Locality 5-20. Folded sandstone lens surrounded by massive tillite. The axis trends NW-SE, NE in the distance. Person stands approximately along the axis of the fold.
Plate 188 Detail of Plate 187 showing parallel lamination and cross-bedding. Fairly sharp contacts with the surrounding tillite. Right is to southwest.
Plate 189 Enlarged views of tillite from the Mortensnes Tillite Formation. All x 3.8. a: Fine-grained tillite from the base of the lower member at Austerelva. Dark fragments are purple Nyborg siltstone. Fine-grained matrix is derived largely from comminuted Nyborg sediment. b: Sandy middle member tillite with dolomite groundmass. Thick middle member, Vestertana. c: Dark grey tillite composed of crystalline clasts in silty, muddy matrix. About 10 km SW of the head of Vestertanafjord. d: Banded upper member tillite from road cut west of Vestertanafjord. Note isoclinal fold in lower left.
Plate 190 Contact between the Mortensnes Tillite and Lillevatn Member, between Innerelv and Larsholmen, Digermul Peninsula. Pocket watch rests on the dolomite tillite. Immediately to the right of the watch is the conglomerate bed which grades rapidly up through fine sandstone into parallel-laminated siltstone of the thin lower submember of the Lillevatn Member.
Plate 191 Upper sUbmember, Lillevatn Member, near Spot Height 361, SW of Vestertanafjord (fig. 2). Facies A1, trough cross-bedded and parallel-laminated medium sandstone.
Plate 192 Upper submember, Lillevatn Member, about 10 km SW of the head of Vestertanafjord (Lillevatn). Facies A2, medium to thick bedded coarse, poorly sorted massive sandstone. A deep internal scour is seen here.
Plate 193 Upper submember, Lillevatn Member, Trollfjord. Facies Bl, rippled very fine sandstone and mudstone.
Plate 194 Upper submember, Lillevatn Member, Trollfjord. Interbedded facies Bl and B2, beds of medium massive and parallel-laminated sandstone, here moderately to well sorted, interbedded with highly rippled fine sandstone and mudstone. Tops of sandstones are reworked.
Plate 195 Upper submember, Lillevatn Member, Lavvonjargga, Tanafjord. In the lower left of the Plate is the top of the channel deposits, facies A. Above, and up to the antidune bed is intercalated sandstones and rippled sandy mudstone of facies B. At the level of the hammer handle is the antidune bed with cross-stratification dipping in two directions and rounded crests. Draping over the antidune structures is facies Bl rippled sandy mudstone which laterally passes into a channel of facies Al sandstone.
Plate 196 Detail of Plate 197 showing one antidune structure. Cross-stratification at the base of the bed dips to the NE, while at the top of the bed it dips to the SW. At the crest of the structure is a small hollow, with the sand displaced to the SW. This may have formed while the antidunes were breaking.
Plate 197 Upper submember, Lillevatn Member, about 3 km SW of Spot Height 420 SW of Vestertanafjord (fig. 2). Coarsening upwards sequence in the upper part of the upper submember. Laminated siltstones at the base become increasingly sandy upwards. The sequence is believed to have formed by the progradation of a distributary channel into a distributary bay.